Which of the following is a ACID property that ensures all or nothing transaction execution?
Answer: A
Atomicity ensures that a transaction is treated as a single unit - either all operations complete or none do.
Q.42Easy
What is the primary advantage of using INNER JOIN over OUTER JOIN in SQL?
Answer: B
INNER JOIN returns only rows that have matching values in both tables, making queries more efficient for specific requirements.
Q.43Easy
In a relational database, what does normalization primarily aim to eliminate?
Answer: B
Normalization removes data redundancy and prevents update, insertion, and deletion anomalies through organized table structures.
Q.44Easy
Which algorithm has O(n log n) time complexity and is preferred for large datasets in modern databases?
Answer: B
Merge Sort maintains O(n log n) complexity in all cases and is stable, making it ideal for sorting large datasets.
Q.45Easy
What is the primary purpose of indexing in databases?
Answer: B
Indexes create a faster lookup structure similar to a book's index, enabling rapid data retrieval without full table scans.
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Q.46Easy
In the OSI model, which layer is responsible for routing and logical addressing?
Answer: C
The Network Layer (Layer 3) handles routing, IP addressing, and logical path determination for data packets.
Q.47Medium
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of relational databases?
Answer: B
Relational databases have fixed schemas. Flexible schemas are a characteristic of NoSQL databases like MongoDB.
Q.48Medium
What does CAP theorem state about distributed database systems?
Answer: B
CAP theorem proves that distributed systems can guarantee at most 2 of 3 properties: Consistency, Availability, and Partition tolerance.
Q.49Medium
In SQL, what is the difference between HAVING and WHERE clauses?
Answer: B
WHERE clause filters individual rows before GROUP BY, while HAVING filters aggregated groups after GROUP BY.
Q.50Medium
Which data structure is most efficient for implementing a LRU (Least Recently Used) cache?
Answer: B
Hash Map provides O(1) lookup while Doubly Linked List maintains insertion order and allows O(1) removal/reordering.
Q.51Medium
In cloud computing, what does the term 'eventual consistency' refer to?
Answer: B
Eventual consistency in cloud systems means that data replicas will converge to the same state after all updates have propagated.
Q.52Medium
What is the primary benefit of containerization technology like Docker in modern application deployment?
Answer: B
Docker containers package applications with dependencies, ensuring identical execution across different environments.
Q.53Medium
In machine learning, what is a confusion matrix primarily used for?
Answer: B
A confusion matrix shows True Positives, True Negatives, False Positives, and False Negatives, enabling comprehensive evaluation of classification accuracy.
Q.54Medium
Which encryption standard is currently recommended for securing data in transit over networks?
Answer: C
TLS 1.3 is the latest, most secure protocol standard for encrypting data in transit, replacing older protocols like SSL and TLS 1.2.
Q.55Medium
What is the time complexity of searching an element in a balanced Binary Search Tree?
Answer: C
A balanced BST maintains O(log n) search complexity by keeping the tree height logarithmic relative to node count.
Q.56Hard
In database replication, what is the primary difference between synchronous and asynchronous replication?
Answer: C
Synchronous replication waits for replicas to acknowledge writes (safer but slower), while asynchronous replication doesn't wait (faster but less safe).
Q.57Hard
Which of the following best describes a distributed transaction and its challenges in microservices architecture?
Answer: B
Distributed transactions in microservices require mechanisms like Saga pattern or Two-Phase Commit to maintain consistency across services.
Q.58Hard
In cybersecurity, what is SQL injection and why is it a critical vulnerability in 2024?
Answer: A
SQL injection allows attackers to insert malicious SQL code through application inputs, remaining a critical OWASP Top 10 vulnerability despite awareness.
Q.59Hard
What is the primary advantage of using GraphQL over traditional REST APIs in modern application architecture?
Answer: B
GraphQL's query language enables clients to specify exact data requirements, eliminating over-fetching and under-fetching issues common in REST.
Q.60Medium
What is the normal form that ensures no partial dependencies exist in a relation?
Answer: C
2NF eliminates partial dependencies where non-key attributes depend on part of a composite key. 3NF further eliminates transitive dependencies.
