What is the primary mechanism of action of levonorgestrel emergency contraception?
Answer: B
Levonorgestrel emergency contraception works primarily by inhibiting or delaying ovulation, especially when taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse.
Q.162Medium
Which of the following is NOT a recognized complication of untreated gonorrhea in females?
Answer: C
While gonorrhea can cause PID, tubal infertility, and Bartholin's abscess/cyst, meningitis is not a typical complication. Meningitis is more associated with meningococcal infection.
Q.163Medium
Which sexually transmitted infection is characterized by 'strawberry cervix' appearance?
Answer: B
Trichomonas vaginalis causes a distinctive 'strawberry cervix' appearance with petechial hemorrhages. It also causes frothy yellow-green vaginal discharge.
Q.164Medium
A 35-year-old couple seeks fertility consultation after 3 years of infertility. Which investigation should be performed first?
Answer: B
Semen analysis is the first investigation as it's non-invasive, cost-effective, and male factor infertility accounts for ~40% of cases. It helps establish baseline fertility status.
Q.165Medium
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the rhythm method of contraception?
Answer: A
The rhythm method requires regular menstrual cycles to predict fertile days. It has a typical-use failure rate of 24% and is unreliable with irregular cycles.
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Q.166Medium
Which hormone is responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum during early pregnancy?
Answer: C
hCG produced by trophoblastic tissue maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy (until ~10-12 weeks), preventing menstruation and ensuring progesterone production.
Q.167Medium
What is the typical success rate of in vitro fertilization (IVF) in women under 35 years of age in India?
Answer: B
IVF success rates in women <35 years are approximately 25-35% per cycle in India, declining with maternal age. Success depends on ovarian reserve, sperm quality, and laboratory conditions.
Q.168Medium
Which of the following contraceptive methods has the highest Pearl Index (failure rate) in typical use?
Answer: B
Condoms have a Pearl Index of 12-15 in typical use, making them less reliable than IUDs (0.8), pills (9), or sterilization (0.1-0.15).
Q.169Medium
What is the primary mechanism of action of levonorgestrel as an emergency contraceptive?
Answer: B
Levonorgestrel primarily works by inhibiting or delaying ovulation, especially effective within 72 hours before ovulation. It does not act as an abortifacient.
Q.170Medium
Which stage of spermatogenesis is most sensitive to radiation damage?
Answer: A
Spermatogonial stem cells are most radiosensitive. Damage here affects all subsequent stages. Recovery takes 74 days (duration of spermatogenesis).
Q.171Medium
Which of the following STIs can be VERTICAL transmitted (from mother to child)?
Answer: B
Syphilis (causes congenital syphilis), HIV, Hepatitis B, and HSV can be vertically transmitted. Chlamydia and gonorrhea cause neonatal infections but are acquired during delivery.
Q.172Medium
What is the primary advantage of Copper-T (Cu-IUD) over hormonal IUDs in terms of side effects?
Answer: A
Cu-IUDs work non-hormonally, avoiding systemic hormonal side effects. They are effective for 10 years, longer than some hormonal variants.
Q.173Medium
A 32-year-old woman presents with amenorrhea and galactorrhea. Pregnancy test is negative. Which investigation would be MOST diagnostic?
Answer: A
Galactorrhea with amenorrhea strongly suggests hyperprolactinemia. Serum prolactin >200 ng/mL indicates pituitary adenoma, while TSH should also be checked for secondary hyperprolactinemia.
Q.174Medium
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?
Answer: A
PCOS typically presents with elevated LH:FSH ratio (>2:1 or 3:1), hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and anovulation, not regular cycles.
Q.175Medium
What is the most common chromosomal abnormality in spontaneous miscarriages?
Answer: C
Trisomy 16 is the most common chromosomal abnormality in first-trimester miscarriages (accounts for ~15% of chromosomal losses) but is incompatible with life beyond early pregnancy.
Q.176Medium
A woman using combined oral contraceptive pills reports breakthrough bleeding. Which factor is MOST likely responsible?
Answer: B
Breakthrough bleeding typically results from insufficient progestin to stabilize endometrium. Management includes switching to a pill with higher progestin content.
Q.177Medium
Which sexually transmitted infection is characterized by painless genital ulcers with indurated edges and a clean base?
Answer: B
Primary syphilis presents with painless, indurated ulcers (chancre) with a clean base and raised borders. HSV causes painful vesicles; LGV causes small painless pustules.
Q.178Medium
What is the mechanism of action of misoprostol when used for medical abortion in the first trimester?
Answer: B
Misoprostol, a prostaglandin analog, causes sustained uterine contractions that expel pregnancy tissues. It is typically used after mifepristone (progesterone antagonist) in medical abortion protocols.
Q.179Medium
A couple seeks fertility treatment after 3 years of unprotected intercourse without conception. Which investigation should be done first in the female partner?
Answer: C
Initial infertility workup in females includes confirmation of ovulation (through basal body temperature, progesterone levels) and basic hormone assessment before invasive procedures.
Q.180Medium
During embryonic development, the notochord is primarily derived from which germ layer?
Answer: D
The notochord develops from cells of the primitive node (primitive pit) during gastrulation and serves as the primary organizer for embryonic development.
