Entrance Exams
Govt. Exams
F1 (Tt) self-pollination gives 3 tall (TT, Tt, Tt) : 1 dwarf (tt) ratio following Mendelian monohybrid cross pattern.
Mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that can occur spontaneously or be induced. It is the source of genetic variation.
AA × aa produces all Aa offspring (test cross principle). All offspring are heterozygous with dominant phenotype.
Alleles are alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same locus on homologous chromosomes and control different variations of the same trait.
Monohybrid cross Aa × Aa produces genotypic ratio 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa. Probability of aa (homozygous recessive) = 1/4 or 25%.
Mendel's Law of Segregation states that hereditary traits are controlled by discrete units (genes) that separate during gamete formation.
Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in somatic cells - 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY).
A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity that carries information for a specific trait. It consists of a segment of DNA coding for a protein or RNA.
The lens adjusts its shape (accommodation) through ciliary muscle contraction to focus light precisely on the retina for clear vision.
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase and continues in the small intestine with pancreatic amylase and brush border enzymes.