Govt Exams
The luteal phase is characterized by high progesterone levels secreted by the corpus luteum. Estrogen levels are moderate but lower than follicular phase peak.
Copper T 380A has the longest duration of effectiveness (10-12 years) among copper IUDs approved in India, with the lowest failure rate of 0.6-0.8%.
In a 28-day cycle, ovulation typically occurs on day 14. The fertile window includes 5 days before and 1 day after ovulation (approximately days 8-19), accounting for sperm survival and ovum viability.
Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of PID, accounting for 30-40% of cases. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the second most common cause.
The secondary oocyte is arrested in metaphase II at ovulation. It completes meiosis II only if fertilization occurs.
Spermicides used alone have a failure rate of 18-28% with typical use. IUDs and implants have failure rates <1% with typical use.
FSH directly stimulates Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules to initiate spermatogenesis. While LH and testosterone support the process, FSH is the primary initiator.
The LNG-IUD releases levonorgestrel directly into the uterine cavity, causing endometrial atrophy and thickened cervical mucus, with effectiveness lasting 3-7 years.
Ovulation typically occurs 14 days before the next menstruation. In a 28-day cycle, this corresponds to day 14 of the cycle, marking the middle of the proliferative phase.
Folic acid supplementation (400 mcg minimum, higher for high-risk women) during the periconceptional period reduces neural tube defects by 50-70%.