Govt Exams
Transition metals like Mn show multiple oxidation states (+2, +3, +4, +6, +7) due to incomplete d-orbitals. Zn shows only +2, Cu shows +1 and +2.
In KBrO₄, K is +1 and each O is -2. Therefore: 1 + x + 4(-2) = 0, giving x = +7. Bromine achieves its maximum oxidation state in this perbromate ion.
V₂O₅ is the standard catalyst used in the oxidation of SO₂ to SO₃. It provides excellent activity and selectivity at 400-450°C operational temperature.
FeCl₃ undergoes significant hydrolysis: Fe³⁺ + H₂O ⇌ Fe(OH)²⁺ + H⁺. Fe³⁺ is a strong Lewis acid causing extensive hydrolysis and acidic solution.
SF₆ has 6 fluorine atoms bonded to sulphur with octahedral geometry. The hybridization is sp³d² involving d-orbitals from the third shell.
CO produced in the blast furnace acts as the primary reducing agent for Fe₂O₃. Although coke is fed, CO generated from coke combustion performs the actual reduction.
Coordination number is the number of ligands bonded to the central metal. Six NH₃ molecules surround Co³⁺, giving coordination number 6.
Ionization energy decreases down a group. Xenon (54 electrons) has the largest atomic radius and lowest ionization energy among noble gases listed.
Zinc in brass (Cu-Zn alloy) enhances corrosion resistance through protective layer formation and improves cold-workability of copper.
Zn has lower (more negative) reduction potential than Cu, making it more easily oxidized. It acts as the anode (negative electrode) in the galvanic cell.