Golden Rice was developed to address micronutrient deficiency by introducing genes for beta-carotene synthesis and iron accumulation, addressing vitamin A and iron deficiency.

The standard PCR cycle follows the order: denaturation (95°C to separate DNA strands), annealing (50-65°C for primer binding), and extension (72°C for synthesis by Taq polymerase).

Bt crops contain the Cry gene from Bacillus thuringiensis, which produces a crystalline protein toxic to specific lepidopteran (butterfly and moth) larvae, providing pest resistance.

Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that recognize and cut DNA at specific palindromic sequences, producing sticky or blunt ends essential for creating recombinant DNA.

Recombinant insulin is produced by introducing the human insulin gene into bacteria (usually E. coli), which then produce insulin as a recombinant protein on a large industrial scale.

The Ti (Tumor-inducing) plasmid from Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the natural vector for plant genetic modification, carrying T-DNA that integrates into the plant genome.

The guide RNA (gRNA) is complementary to the target DNA sequence and directs the Cas9 endonuclease protein to the exact location where the cut should be made.

Microinjection is the standard technique for creating transgenic animals by directly injecting DNA into the pronucleus of a fertilized egg, allowing integration into the genome.

DNA ligase catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides, joining DNA fragments together during cloning.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a molecular technique for amplifying specific DNA sequences through repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension.