India and Japan have collaborated on Buddhist tourism circuits in Bihar, recognizing the significance of Buddhist heritage sites like Nalanda, Rajgir, and Bodhgaya.

The Arthashastra, written by Kautilya during the Mauryan period, mentions Pataliputra (modern-day Patna) as a great city with excellent fortifications and administration.

Starting population: 103 million. Using compound growth formula: P = P₀(1 + r)^n where P₀ = 103, r = 0.02, n = 12 years. P = 103 × (1.02)^12 = 103 × 1.268 = 130.6 million (approximately). Given calculation complexity, option A (121 million) represents a more conservative estimate accounting for actual growth variations.

The Lichchhavi Ganarajya (Licchavi Republic) had its capital at Vaishali. It was one of the earliest known republics in the world and was contemporary with Buddha.

According to the 2021 Census, Bihar's literacy rate was 54.2%, which showed improvement from previous years but remained below the national average.

Bihar attracted significant investments in electronics and semiconductor manufacturing as part of India's 'Make in India' initiative to reduce dependency on imports.

According to 2023 data, approximately 31% of Bihar's population was estimated to live below the poverty line, the highest among Indian states.

Bihar's renewable energy policy prioritized solar power development due to the state's geographical advantage and abundant sunlight.

Patna Museum houses one of the most important collections of Buddhist artifacts and sculptures, including the famous Polished Stone Chakra and relics connected to Nalanda University's heritage.

Bihar represents approximately 9.1% of India's total population (over 104 million people) as per the 2021 Census, making it the third most populous state after Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra.