The Ajanta caves (c. 2nd century BCE to 5th century CE) and Ellora caves (c. 5th to 10th century CE) were constructed over a long period.

The earlier Ajanta caves are primarily associated with the Satavahana dynasty, while Ellora caves were built by various dynasties including the Vakatakas, Chalukyas, and Rashtrakutas.

However, the initial patronage and bulk of construction at Ajanta is credited to the Satavahanas, making them primary contributors to these monumental rock-cut structures.

The Third Buddhist Council, convened by Ashoka at Pataliputra (c. 250 BCE), standardized the Buddhist canon and sent missionaries to spread Buddhism.

The Tipitaka (Three Baskets) comprising Vinaya, Suttas, and Abhidhamma were formally compiled during this council.

This was crucial for establishing canonical orthodoxy.

Rock Edict VI emphasizes Ashoka's administrative accessibility to his subjects, stating that he is always available to hear their grievances and concerns regardless of their status.

It reflects his commitment to the welfare principle (praja-sukhe) inherent in his Dhamma policy.

Chakravartin (wheel-turner) denoted a paramount sovereign whose suzerainty was acknowledged by other rulers through tributary relationships.

It involved ritualistic chakravala (circular) conquests where enemies submitted peacefully.

This concept is found in Sanskrit texts and ancient Indian political theory.

According to Jain texts, Mahavira (599-527 BCE) renounced his family and kingdom at the age of 30 and pursued ascetic practices for 12 years before attaining Kevala Jnana (omniscience).

He was a contemporary of Buddha.

Archaeological and literary evidence indicates Chola maritime trade extended to Southeast Asian regions (Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia) and possibly Egypt.

Tamil inscriptions found in Southeast Asia and Roman coins found in South India confirm this extensive network.

Trade with China occurred but was not exclusive to China.

While both Buddhism and Jainism reject Vedic authority and emphasize ahimsa, they differ fundamentally on karma.

Jainism believes karma is a material substance that attaches to the soul (Jiva), while Buddhism denies the existence of an eternal soul.

Mahavira's emphasis on karma as material binding force distinguishes Jainism from Buddhist philosophy.

Statements 1 and 2 are correct.

Early Buddhism (Theravada) rejected Vedic authority and caste system, and the Sangha required renunciation.

Statement 3 is incorrect as Bodhisattva concept is central to Mahayana Buddhism, not early Buddhism.

Early Buddhism focused on the individual's path to Nirvana through the Eightfold Path.

Article 352 (National Emergency) requires that the proclamation be laid before Parliament, and must be approved within 30 days.

If Parliament approves, it can last for 6 months and can be renewed.

However, it does have a maximum duration constraint through parliamentary renewal requirements.

The 44th Amendment Act imposed several safeguards on emergency provisions.

Article 370 was effectively abrogated through the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order issued by the President in August 2019, coupled with the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019.

This was not a formal constitutional amendment but was justified as invoking Article 370(1)(d) itself to abrogate Article 370.