Govt Exams
These characteristics are typical of pteridophytes/ferns: independent sporophyte and gametophyte, sporangia on fern fronds, and reproduction through spores without seeds.
The integument develops from the chalaza end of the nucellus and grows upward to cover the nucellus, leaving only the micropyle opening for pollen entry.
The prothallus (gametophyte) in pteridophytes is homologous to the gametophytic generation in bryophytes as both are haploid structures producing gametes.
Gemma cups in liverworts produce small vegetative bodies (gemmae) that are dispersed for asexual reproduction, allowing rapid colonization.
Angiosperms can be monocots (one cotyledon) or dicots (two cotyledons), so not all angiosperms have two cotyledons.
Both ferns and gymnosperms lack vessels in xylem and have sieve cells instead of sieve tubes in phloem, but ferns typically have scattered vascular bundles.
Equisetophytes (horsetails) are characterized by jointed stems with silica deposition, reduced scale-like leaves in whorls, and spores in terminal strobili.
Bryophytes display clear alternation of generations with the gametophyte being the dominant, independent phase while the sporophyte is small and dependent.
The mature embryo sac with 7 cells (3 antipodal cells, 2 synergids, 1 egg cell, 2 polar nuclei) represents the female gametophyte in angiosperms.
Gymnosperms lack true vessels and rely on tracheids for water conduction and mechanical support in the xylem.