Entrance Exams
Govt. Exams
Maternal obesity, advanced age (>35 years), family history of diabetes, and previous gestational diabetes are significant risk factors for GDM.
Endometriosis is characterized by ectopic endometrial tissue outside the uterus, causing dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, and infertility due to inflammation and mechanical obstruction.
The notochord develops from cells of the primitive node (primitive pit) during gastrulation and serves as the primary organizer for embryonic development.
Initial infertility workup in females includes confirmation of ovulation (through basal body temperature, progesterone levels) and basic hormone assessment before invasive procedures.
Misoprostol, a prostaglandin analog, causes sustained uterine contractions that expel pregnancy tissues. It is typically used after mifepristone (progesterone antagonist) in medical abortion protocols.
Primary syphilis presents with painless, indurated ulcers (chancre) with a clean base and raised borders. HSV causes painful vesicles; LGV causes small painless pustules.
Breakthrough bleeding typically results from insufficient progestin to stabilize endometrium. Management includes switching to a pill with higher progestin content.
Trisomy 16 is the most common chromosomal abnormality in first-trimester miscarriages (accounts for ~15% of chromosomal losses) but is incompatible with life beyond early pregnancy.
PCOS typically presents with elevated LH:FSH ratio (>2:1 or 3:1), hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and anovulation, not regular cycles.
Galactorrhea with amenorrhea strongly suggests hyperprolactinemia. Serum prolactin >200 ng/mL indicates pituitary adenoma, while TSH should also be checked for secondary hyperprolactinemia.