Entrance Exams
Govt. Exams
Cu-IUDs work non-hormonally, avoiding systemic hormonal side effects. They are effective for 10 years, longer than some hormonal variants.
Syphilis (causes congenital syphilis), HIV, Hepatitis B, and HSV can be vertically transmitted. Chlamydia and gonorrhea cause neonatal infections but are acquired during delivery.
Spermatogonial stem cells are most radiosensitive. Damage here affects all subsequent stages. Recovery takes 74 days (duration of spermatogenesis).
Levonorgestrel primarily works by inhibiting or delaying ovulation, especially effective within 72 hours before ovulation. It does not act as an abortifacient.
Condoms have a Pearl Index of 12-15 in typical use, making them less reliable than IUDs (0.8), pills (9), or sterilization (0.1-0.15).
IVF success rates in women <35 years are approximately 25-35% per cycle in India, declining with maternal age. Success depends on ovarian reserve, sperm quality, and laboratory conditions.
hCG produced by trophoblastic tissue maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy (until ~10-12 weeks), preventing menstruation and ensuring progesterone production.
The rhythm method requires regular menstrual cycles to predict fertile days. It has a typical-use failure rate of 24% and is unreliable with irregular cycles.
Semen analysis is the first investigation as it's non-invasive, cost-effective, and male factor infertility accounts for ~40% of cases. It helps establish baseline fertility status.
Trichomonas vaginalis causes a distinctive 'strawberry cervix' appearance with petechial hemorrhages. It also causes frothy yellow-green vaginal discharge.