Entrance Exams
Govt. Exams
While gonorrhea can cause PID, tubal infertility, and Bartholin's abscess/cyst, meningitis is not a typical complication. Meningitis is more associated with meningococcal infection.
Levonorgestrel emergency contraception works primarily by inhibiting or delaying ovulation, especially when taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse.
Progestin-only pills (minipills) have minimal thromboembolic risk as they lack estrogen. Combined oral contraceptives carry increasing risk: second-generation < third-generation < drospirenone-containing pills.
Ectopic pregnancy is typically visible on transvaginal ultrasound when serum hCG levels reach 1000-2000 mIU/mL (discriminatory zone), though this varies.
Prolactin maintains and sustains milk secretion, while oxytocin causes milk ejection reflex. Frequent suckling increases prolactin levels and maintains lactation.
PCOS presents with the triad of amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea, hirsutism (due to androgen excess), and obesity. It's the most common endocrine disorder affecting reproductive-age women in India.
Diaphragm has a failure rate of 12% with typical use, higher than male condoms (18%) and female condoms (21%) when considering perfect vs typical use. However, among barrier methods, diaphragm shows higher typical-use failure rates.
FSH levels peak during the follicular phase, stimulating follicle development and estrogen production. Levels decline after ovulation.
hCG, produced by the trophoblast after implantation, maintains the corpus luteum, ensuring continued progesterone production essential for pregnancy maintenance.
The Billings ovulation method is a natural family planning technique based on observing changes in cervical mucus to identify fertile days.