Govt Exams
PCC oxidizes primary alcohols to aldehydes without further oxidation to carboxylic acids. KMnO4 and Na2Cr2O7 further oxidize aldehydes to carboxylic acids.
Aldol condensation requires an α-hydrogen. Acetaldehyde has α-hydrogens and undergoes aldol condensation. Benzaldehyde and formaldehyde lack α-hydrogens.
Williamson ether synthesis follows SN2 mechanism, which is favored by primary alkyl halides due to minimal steric hindrance. Reactivity: Primary > Secondary > Tertiary.
For weak acid: α = √(Ka/C) = √(1×10⁻⁵/0.1) = √(1×10⁻⁴) = 0.01 or 1%. Using exact formula: α ≈ 0.0316 (3.16%)
Initial: 2 atm of A. At equilibrium with α = 0.5: A dissociates to (1-0.5)×2 = 1 atm, producing B and C each at 0.5 atm. Total = 1 + 0.5 + 0.5 = 2 atm × (1 + α) = 2 × 1.5 = 3 atm
At higher dilutions, weak electrolytes ionize more completely, increasing degree of ionization and thus molar conductivity
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS; For spontaneity ΔG < 0. Exothermic (ΔH < 0) with ΔS > 0 always gives ΔG < 0
New rate = k(2[A])²(0.5[B]) = k × 4[A]² × 0.5[B] = 2k[A]²[B] = 2 × original rate
Benzene and toluene are both aromatic hydrocarbons with similar molecular structures, forming nearly ideal solutions
ΔG° = -nFE°; For bivalent ion transfer: ΔG° = -2 × 96485 × 0.92 ≈ -177.6 kJ/mol