Entrance Exams
Govt. Exams
X-linked recessive traits show more affected males (XᵃY) than females because males need only one copy of recessive allele on their single X chromosome.
Recessive phenotype = 360/1000 = 0.36 = q². Therefore q = √0.36 = 0.60. This represents the frequency of recessive allele.
In Hardy-Weinberg equation, p and q represent frequencies of two alleles in a population. p² and q² are homozygous frequencies; 2pq is heterozygous frequency.
The correct hierarchical order is: Nucleotide (basic unit) → DNA (polymer of nucleotides) → Gene (segment of DNA) → Chromosome (condensed DNA with proteins).
The 1:1 ratio indicates a testcross result (Rr × rr). The round seed parent must be heterozygous (Rr) to produce wrinkled (rr) offspring.
The counter-current multiplier system in the loop of Henle (particularly the thick ascending limb) creates an osmotic gradient that enables water reabsorption in the collecting duct, essential for urine concentration.
The symptoms (polydipsia, polyuria, fatigue) along with elevated blood glucose and reduced insulin indicate Type 1 diabetes mellitus, where autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells occurs, reducing insulin production.
PTH is secreted by parathyroid glands in response to hypocalcemia, increases calcium reabsorption in kidneys, and promotes calcium mobilization from bones.
Exercise triggers increased respiratory and heart rates, enhancing oxygen delivery to muscles through elevated blood flow and ventilation.
The hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat, detecting temperature changes and triggering responses (sweating, vasoconstriction) through negative feedback mechanisms.