Entrance Exams
Govt. Exams
The T wave represents ventricular repolarization. The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization, while P wave represents atrial depolarization.
Myelin sheath, formed by oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in PNS, increases conduction velocity by enabling saltatory conduction.
Contraction of external intercostal muscles elevates the ribs and sternum, increasing thoracic cavity volume, which decreases intrapulmonary pressure and causes air to flow in.
Thyroid hormone deficiency decreases metabolic rate and oxygen consumption. Increased oxygen consumption would not occur; rather, it would decrease significantly.
S3 occurs during rapid ventricular filling phase (early diastole) when blood rapidly enters the ventricle. It's normal in young individuals but may indicate heart failure in older patients.
Lymph drains from tissue spaces into lymphatic capillaries, passes through lymph nodes for filtration and immune response, and returns to the bloodstream via the thoracic duct into the left subclavian vein.
In Type 2 diabetes, normal or elevated insulin fails to lower blood glucose due to peripheral tissue insulin resistance, often caused by impaired receptor signaling or GLUT4 translocation defects.
Band 3 protein (anion exchanger 1) facilitates the exchange of Cl- for HCO3- across the RBC membrane, allowing CO2 transport as bicarbonate in blood.
Secretin, released by duodenal S cells in response to chyme acidity, specifically stimulates pancreatic ductal cells to secrete bicarbonate, neutralizing stomach acid.
Parasympathetic acetylcholine activates M2 muscarinic receptors on pacemaker cells, increasing K+ efflux and decreasing Ca2+ influx, causing hyperpolarization and reduced heart rate.