Govt Exams
Insectivorous plants have anatomically modified leaves (pitchers, traps) with specialized glandular and digestive tissues to trap and digest insects.
Angiosperm xylem consists of vessels (main conducting element), tracheids, xylem parenchyma (storage), and xylem fibers (support).
The cork cambium originates from the endodermis or outer cortical cells and produces cork and phelloderm as part of the periderm.
Aerenchyma is specialized parenchyma with large air spaces that provides buoyancy and allows diffusion of gases in hydrophytes.
Desert plants (xerophytes) have smaller leaves, thicker cuticles, and often sunken stomata to minimize water loss through transpiration.
In monocot roots, the pericycle is usually uniseriate and gives rise to lateral roots, unlike in dicots where it's multiseriate.
In a young dicot stem, the sequence from outside is: cuticle, epidermis, cortex (containing hypodermis and endodermis), vascular bundles, and central pith.
The Casparian strip in endodermis is impregnated with suberin, making it impermeable to water and solutes, thus forcing them through the endodermal cells.
Tracheids are elongated, unicellular structures with tapering end walls and pits, unlike vessels which are multicellular with perforated end plates.
C4 plants exhibit Kranz anatomy where mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells are specialized for different aspects of photosynthesis.