Entrance Exams
Govt. Exams
Disease transmission increases with population density, making it a density-dependent factor. Natural disasters are density-independent.
Carrying capacity (K) is the maximum population size an environment can support with available resources without degradation.
The 10% law states that only about 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level; the remaining 90% is lost as heat and used in metabolism.
Combined OCPs with anti-androgenic progestins (like cyproterone acetate or spironolactone) provide contraception while treating PCOS-related hyperandrogenism and improving metabolic parameters.
Elevated prolactin requires MRI of pituitary to rule out prolactinoma, which is the most common pathological cause of hyperprolactinemia. Thyroid tests should be done to exclude hypothyroidism as a cause.
Levonorgestrel IUD works primarily by altering the endometrium to prevent implantation and secondarily by thickening cervical mucus. Complete ovulation inhibition occurs in only 20-30% of cycles.
Levonorgestrel (Plan B) is effective within 120 hours (5 days) if taken within 72 hours for maximum efficacy. Ulipristal acetate (a selective progesterone receptor modulator) can be used up to 120 hours.
Varicocele is the most common correctable cause of male infertility. Fever temporarily affects spermatogenesis for 2-3 months. Smoking reduces sperm count and motility. All are valid etiologies of oligozoospermia.
Combined oral contraceptives containing estrogen are contraindicated in breast cancer patients due to estrogen's proliferative effects. Copper IUD, progestin-only methods, and barrier methods are safe alternatives.
Breakthrough bleeding is common in the first 3 months of COC use and usually resolves spontaneously. Continuation of the same regimen is recommended unless bleeding persists beyond 3 months.