Govt Exams
Combined OCPs with anti-androgenic progestins (like cyproterone acetate or spironolactone) provide contraception while treating PCOS-related hyperandrogenism and improving metabolic parameters.
Elevated prolactin requires MRI of pituitary to rule out prolactinoma, which is the most common pathological cause of hyperprolactinemia. Thyroid tests should be done to exclude hypothyroidism as a cause.
Levonorgestrel IUD works primarily by altering the endometrium to prevent implantation and secondarily by thickening cervical mucus. Complete ovulation inhibition occurs in only 20-30% of cycles.
Levonorgestrel (Plan B) is effective within 120 hours (5 days) if taken within 72 hours for maximum efficacy. Ulipristal acetate (a selective progesterone receptor modulator) can be used up to 120 hours.
Varicocele is the most common correctable cause of male infertility. Fever temporarily affects spermatogenesis for 2-3 months. Smoking reduces sperm count and motility. All are valid etiologies of oligozoospermia.
Combined oral contraceptives containing estrogen are contraindicated in breast cancer patients due to estrogen's proliferative effects. Copper IUD, progestin-only methods, and barrier methods are safe alternatives.
Breakthrough bleeding is common in the first 3 months of COC use and usually resolves spontaneously. Continuation of the same regimen is recommended unless bleeding persists beyond 3 months.
HSG is the gold standard for assessing tubal patency and detecting tubal blockage or damage. It uses radiographic contrast to visualize the fallopian tubes.
Normal seminal fluid with absent sperm indicates obstruction in the reproductive tract rather than failed production. This is obstructive azoospermia, often due to vasectomy, absence of vas deferens, or ejaculatory duct obstruction.
Male factor infertility accounts for 40% of cases. Semen analysis is non-invasive, cost-effective, and should be the first investigation when evaluating an infertile couple.