Entrance Exams
Govt. Exams
Combined OCPs with anti-androgenic progestins (like cyproterone acetate or spironolactone) provide contraception while treating PCOS-related hyperandrogenism and improving metabolic parameters.
In unexplained infertility, IVF allows multiple sperm-egg interactions and can overcome subtle defects in gamete interaction that cannot be detected by standard testing.
The luteal phase is characterized by high progesterone levels secreted by the corpus luteum. Estrogen levels are moderate but lower than follicular phase peak.
Cystic fibrosis typically results in congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens (CBAVD), leading to azoospermia with normal seminal fluid parameters (obstructive azoospermia).
IVF is the gold standard for endometriosis-related infertility as it bypasses tubal and peritoneal factors. IUI has lower success rates in endometriosis. GIFT is rarely used now.
Copper T 380A has the longest duration of effectiveness (10-12 years) among copper IUDs approved in India, with the lowest failure rate of 0.6-0.8%.
Elevated prolactin requires MRI of pituitary to rule out prolactinoma, which is the most common pathological cause of hyperprolactinemia. Thyroid tests should be done to exclude hypothyroidism as a cause.
Levonorgestrel IUD works primarily by altering the endometrium to prevent implantation and secondarily by thickening cervical mucus. Complete ovulation inhibition occurs in only 20-30% of cycles.
In a 28-day cycle, ovulation typically occurs on day 14. The fertile window includes 5 days before and 1 day after ovulation (approximately days 8-19), accounting for sperm survival and ovum viability.
Levonorgestrel (Plan B) is effective within 120 hours (5 days) if taken within 72 hours for maximum efficacy. Ulipristal acetate (a selective progesterone receptor modulator) can be used up to 120 hours.