Entrance Exams
Govt. Exams
Varicocele is the most common correctable cause of male infertility. Fever temporarily affects spermatogenesis for 2-3 months. Smoking reduces sperm count and motility. All are valid etiologies of oligozoospermia.
Combined oral contraceptives containing estrogen are contraindicated in breast cancer patients due to estrogen's proliferative effects. Copper IUD, progestin-only methods, and barrier methods are safe alternatives.
Breakthrough bleeding is common in the first 3 months of COC use and usually resolves spontaneously. Continuation of the same regimen is recommended unless bleeding persists beyond 3 months.
Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of PID, accounting for 30-40% of cases. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the second most common cause.
HSG is the gold standard for assessing tubal patency and detecting tubal blockage or damage. It uses radiographic contrast to visualize the fallopian tubes.
The secondary oocyte is arrested in metaphase II at ovulation. It completes meiosis II only if fertilization occurs.
Normal seminal fluid with absent sperm indicates obstruction in the reproductive tract rather than failed production. This is obstructive azoospermia, often due to vasectomy, absence of vas deferens, or ejaculatory duct obstruction.
Spermicides used alone have a failure rate of 18-28% with typical use. IUDs and implants have failure rates <1% with typical use.
Male factor infertility accounts for 40% of cases. Semen analysis is non-invasive, cost-effective, and should be the first investigation when evaluating an infertile couple.
FSH directly stimulates Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules to initiate spermatogenesis. While LH and testosterone support the process, FSH is the primary initiator.