Entrance Exams
Govt. Exams
Gemma cups in liverworts produce small vegetative bodies (gemmae) that are dispersed for asexual reproduction, allowing rapid colonization.
Angiosperms can be monocots (one cotyledon) or dicots (two cotyledons), so not all angiosperms have two cotyledons.
Both ferns and gymnosperms lack vessels in xylem and have sieve cells instead of sieve tubes in phloem, but ferns typically have scattered vascular bundles.
Equisetophytes (horsetails) are characterized by jointed stems with silica deposition, reduced scale-like leaves in whorls, and spores in terminal strobili.
Bryophytes display clear alternation of generations with the gametophyte being the dominant, independent phase while the sporophyte is small and dependent.
The mature embryo sac with 7 cells (3 antipodal cells, 2 synergids, 1 egg cell, 2 polar nuclei) represents the female gametophyte in angiosperms.
Gymnosperms lack true vessels and rely on tracheids for water conduction and mechanical support in the xylem.
Rhizoids in pteridophytes are hair-like structures that absorb water and minerals, functioning similarly to roots in higher plants.
Bryophytes have a dominant gametophytic generation with a dependent sporophytic generation, unlike other plant groups where the sporophyte is dominant.
The central cell of the female gametophyte contains two polar nuclei (2n total). When one sperm nucleus (n) fuses with this central cell, the resulting endosperm is triploid (3n).