Entrance Exams
Govt. Exams
GnRH agonists cause initial stimulation followed by desensitization, suppressing endogenous LH and FSH to prevent premature ovulation during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation.
Galactorrhea with amenorrhea strongly suggests hyperprolactinemia. Serum prolactin >200 ng/mL indicates pituitary adenoma, while TSH should also be checked for secondary hyperprolactinemia.
Cu-IUDs work non-hormonally, avoiding systemic hormonal side effects. They are effective for 10 years, longer than some hormonal variants.
hCG produced by trophoblastic cells maintains the corpus luteum until week 8-10, after which placental progesterone takes over luteal function.
HSG is the first-line radiological investigation for assessing tubal patency and uterine cavity in suspected secondary infertility after normal male factor evaluation.
Syphilis (causes congenital syphilis), HIV, Hepatitis B, and HSV can be vertically transmitted. Chlamydia and gonorrhea cause neonatal infections but are acquired during delivery.
The menstrual cycle begins with menstruation (days 1-5), followed by proliferative phase (days 5-14), ovulation (day 14), and secretory/luteal phase (days 15-28).
Spermatogonial stem cells are most radiosensitive. Damage here affects all subsequent stages. Recovery takes 74 days (duration of spermatogenesis).
Elevated FSH with irregular cycles indicates diminished ovarian reserve characteristic of POI. PCOS typically shows normal or low FSH with hyperandrogenism.
Levonorgestrel primarily works by inhibiting or delaying ovulation, especially effective within 72 hours before ovulation. It does not act as an abortifacient.