Entrance Exams
Govt. Exams
Condoms have a Pearl Index of 12-15 in typical use, making them less reliable than IUDs (0.8), pills (9), or sterilization (0.1-0.15).
IVF success rates in women <35 years are approximately 25-35% per cycle in India, declining with maternal age. Success depends on ovarian reserve, sperm quality, and laboratory conditions.
HPV vaccines (bivalent Cervarix and quadrivalent/9-valent Gardasil) prevent infection with high-risk HPV types (16, 18, and others) responsible for cervical cancer.
Anticonvulsants like phenytoin induce hepatic metabolism of contraceptive hormones, reducing efficacy. Higher-dose estrogen pills or alternative methods are recommended.
hCG produced by trophoblastic tissue maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy (until ~10-12 weeks), preventing menstruation and ensuring progesterone production.
The window of implantation occurs 6-10 days after ovulation (days 20-24 of a 28-day cycle) when the endometrium is optimally receptive for blastocyst implantation.
The rhythm method requires regular menstrual cycles to predict fertile days. It has a typical-use failure rate of 24% and is unreliable with irregular cycles.
ICSI (Intracytoplasmic sperm injection) is used in severe male factor infertility where a single sperm is injected directly into the oocyte cytoplasm.
The LH surge 24-36 hours before ovulation triggers the final maturation of the oocyte and weakening of the follicle wall, leading to ovulation.
Semen analysis is the first investigation as it's non-invasive, cost-effective, and male factor infertility accounts for ~40% of cases. It helps establish baseline fertility status.