Energy of photon: E = hf = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ × 5 × 10¹⁴ = 3.315 × 10⁻¹⁹ J ≈ 2.07 eV. KE_max = E - φ = 2.07 - 2 = 0.07 eV. (Recalculation shows approximately 2.08 eV with more precision.)

From orbital mechanics: v = √(GM/r). If r becomes 2r, then v_new = √(GM/2r) = v/√2. Velocity decreases by factor √2.

Due to refraction at the water-air interface, light bends as it exits water. This causes objects to appear at different positions and moving at different speeds than they actually are—an optical illusion, not actual motion change.

Using P = V²/R, we get R = V²/P = (250)²/1000 = 62500/1000 = 62.5 Ω.

Period T = 2π√(m/k) = 2π√(5/200) = 2π√(1/40) = 2π × (1/(2√10)) = π/√10 ≈ π s (approximately).

Rayleigh scattering causes shorter blue wavelengths to scatter more effectively than longer red wavelengths when sunlight passes through the atmosphere, making the sky appear blue.

In beta-minus decay, a neutron converts to a proton, emitting an electron (beta particle) and an antineutrino. This increases atomic number by 1.

An alpha particle is a helium-4 nucleus (₂He⁴) with 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Alpha decay decreases atomic number by 2 and mass number by 4. Alpha particles have low penetration power.

Using transformer equation: Vₛ/Vₚ = Nₛ/Nₚ. Vₛ = 220 × (500/100) = 220 × 5 = 1100 V.

The Weber (Wb) is the SI unit of magnetic flux, defined as Tesla × meter². 1 Wb = 1 T·m².