Vishnugupta, also known as Kautilya or Chanakya, was the chief minister and strategist of Chandragupta Maurya (c. 321-297 BCE).
He is credited with helping Chandragupta establish and expand the Mauryan Empire.
Kautilya authored the Arthashastra, a treatise on statecraft and administration.
While both Buddhism and Jainism reject Vedic authority and emphasize ahimsa, they differ fundamentally on karma.
Jainism believes karma is a material substance that attaches to the soul (Jiva), while Buddhism denies the existence of an eternal soul.
Mahavira's emphasis on karma as material binding force distinguishes Jainism from Buddhist philosophy.
1. The Buddha rejected the authority of the Vedas and the Brahmanical caste system
2. The Sangha (monastic community) required members to renounce worldly life
3. Bodhi Sattva concept was central to early Buddhism
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Statements 1 and 2 are correct.
Early Buddhism (Theravada) rejected Vedic authority and caste system, and the Sangha required renunciation.
Statement 3 is incorrect as Bodhisattva concept is central to Mahayana Buddhism, not early Buddhism.
Early Buddhism focused on the individual's path to Nirvana through the Eightfold Path.
Sangam literature was composed during the Sangam Age (c. 3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE) and represents Tamil literature from three literary academies (Sangams).
It provides crucial information about Chola, Chera, and Pandya kingdoms, trade networks, and social structures of South India during this period.
Samudragupta (c. 335-380 CE) is known as the 'Napoleon of India' for his extensive conquests.
The Allahabad Pillar inscription (Eran Inscription) by Harisena describes his military achievements and presents him as a Chakravartin.
Chandragupta II is known for cultural achievements and Chandragupta I for foundational work.
Ashoka's edicts inscribed on rocks and pillars across the Mauryan Empire (c. 260 BCE onwards) are primary sources of his conversion and Dhamma policy.
These Major Rock Edicts and Minor Rock Edicts detail his moral and religious policies.
Greek accounts like Megasthenes' Indica provide supplementary information but edicts are direct evidence.
The 16 Mahajanapadas (c. 6th-4th century BCE) included Magadha, Kosala, Avanti, Vatsa, and others in North and Central India.
Pandya was a Sangam Age kingdom in South India, not a recognized Mahajanapada.
Magadha eventually emerged as the dominant power under the Mauryas.
The Rigveda is the oldest Vedic text (c. 1500-1200 BCE) and consists of 1028 hymns dedicated to various Vedic deities like Indra, Agni, and Soma.
The Yajur Veda contains sacrificial formulas, Sama Veda contains musical chants, and Atharva Veda contains spells and incantations.
The Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300-1300 BCE) was contemporary with Egyptian Old Kingdom (c. 2686-2181 BCE) and Mesopotamian civilizations.
Its script remains undeciphered, there is limited evidence of temples, and it was primarily urban and sedentary, not nomadic.
Both 73rd Amendment (1992) for Panchayats and 74th Amendment (1992) for Municipalities provide constitutional status to local bodies and mandate five-year fixed tenure.
Article 243E (Panchayats) and Article 243U (Municipalities) establish this framework.
While reservation provisions and three-tier structures exist, they have exceptions.
The fixed tenure provision is uniformly applicable to ensure institutional stability.