Entrance Exams
Govt. Exams
Epinephrine (adrenaline) is released by the adrenal medulla during stress and increases blood glucose by promoting glycogenolysis and inhibiting insulin secretion.
The ascending limb actively transports Na+/K+/Cl- without water permeability, creating osmotic gradients that concentrate urine in the collecting duct.
Nephrotic syndrome involves damage to the glomerular filtration barrier (podocytes), increasing permeability to plasma proteins like albumin.
Depolarization occurs when voltage-gated Na+ channels open, allowing rapid Na+ influx that reverses membrane potential towards positive values.
Dystrophin protein deficiency causes Duchenne muscular dystrophy, an X-linked recessive disorder affecting muscle structure and function.
The proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells have numerous mitochondria and microvilli for active transport of glucose, amino acids, and ions.
Intrinsic factor is required for B12 absorption; its deficiency leads to pernicious anemia due to impaired vitamin B12 absorption.
The fight-or-flight response involves sympathetic activation releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine causing vasoconstriction and tachycardia.
The resting potential is maintained at -70 mV primarily by the Na+/K+ ATPase pump and differential ion permeability.
Plasma cells (differentiated B lymphocytes) produce and secrete specific antibodies in response to antigens.