IPM follows a hierarchical approach: first monitor crop health, then use preventive measures, implement cultural practices, and use chemical pesticides only as a last resort to minimize environmental impact.

Calculation: Required increase = [(50-40)/40] × 100 = (10/40) × 100 = 25%. This requires improved agricultural practices, quality seeds, and optimal fertilizer management.

MSP is implemented through dual mechanisms: APMC acts as market regulator ensuring fair pricing, and FCI undertakes government procurement at MSP for crops like rice and wheat in Bihar.

Iron deficiency chlorosis shows interveinal yellowing (chlorosis) while veins remain green. This is common in alkaline soils and requires iron-chelate application. Other deficiencies show different symptoms.

Rajendra Agricultural University (RAU) located at Pusa in Bihar is the premier agricultural research institution for the state, conducting research on crops suited to Bihar's agro-climatic conditions.

Calculation: Pure nitrogen = 50 kg × (46/100) = 50 × 0.46 = 23 kg of pure nitrogen per hectare. This is important for meeting nitrogen requirements in rice-wheat cropping systems.

Drip irrigation reduces fertilizer runoff by delivering water and nutrients directly to plant roots. It conserves water, reduces weeds, and improves yields - making option B the only non-benefit.

Intercropping is the simultaneous cultivation of multiple crops on the same field to maximize land use and reduce pest incidence. Crop rotation involves sequential planting of different crops.

PMFBY provides crop insurance coverage for one agricultural year (kharif or rabi season) at a time. Farmers must enroll annually for continuous coverage.

Urea (nitrogen-based fertilizer) is the most widely used chemical fertilizer in Bihar due to its effectiveness for rice and wheat cultivation and government subsidy.