Govt Exams
Western Ghats and Northeast India are recognized global biodiversity hotspots with high endemism and species richness.
Both cellular respiration by organisms and decomposition of dead organic matter release CO2 back into the atmosphere.
Desert animals like jerboas exhibit nocturnal behavior and have efficient kidneys to conserve water, reducing evaporative loss.
CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) release chlorine atoms that catalytically destroy ozone molecules in the stratosphere.
Earthquakes are density-independent factors. Density-dependent factors (competition, parasitism, disease) increase with population density.
Crabs in mangrove ecosystems regulate sediment composition and nutrient cycling, disproportionately affecting ecosystem structure.
Primary succession occurs on bare substrate with no pre-existing soil. Lichens and mosses are pioneer species.
Energy transfer: 10,000 kcal (producers) → 1,000 kcal (primary consumers) → 100 kcal (secondary consumers). Each trophic transfer retains ~10%.
Tapeworm derives nutrition from host while causing harm, exemplifying parasitism.
Increased herbivore population leads to higher consumption of plant material, resulting in decreased plant biomass.