Govt Exams
MongoDB is a NoSQL document database that handles unstructured and semi-structured data efficiently, unlike relational databases like PostgreSQL, Oracle, and MySQL.
Graph databases excel at querying relationships with O(1) traversal time, whereas relational databases require expensive JOIN operations for similar queries.
Parameterized queries prevent SQL injection by separating query structure from data, ensuring user input cannot be interpreted as executable code.
TCP operates at Layer 4 (Transport) and IP at Layer 3 (Network) in the OSI model. Together they form the TCP/IP protocol suite.
Eventual consistency is a model in NoSQL and distributed systems where updates propagate asynchronously, achieving consistency over time rather than immediately.
A deadlock occurs when two or more transactions wait for resources held by each other, creating a circular wait condition that prevents progress.
Training data is used to teach AI models to recognize patterns. Test data evaluates accuracy; validation data prevents overfitting.
The query optimizer analyzes different execution strategies and selects the one with minimal resource consumption and execution time.
Merge Sort and Quick Sort have O(n log n) average complexity. Merge Sort guarantees this; Quick Sort can degrade to O(n²) in worst case.
Encryption converts data into unreadable format, protecting it from unauthorized access during transmission and storage.