Woman → Son's mother = Woman. Woman's father = Boy's grandfather. Grandfather's only daughter = Woman. This is logically consistent - she is indeed her son's mother and her father's only daughter.

Triangle, Square, Pentagon, and Hexagon are all polygons (have straight sides and vertices). Circle is the only curved shape without straight sides.

Each number is multiplied by 3: 4×3=12, 12×3=36, 36×3=108, 108×3=324, 324×3=972, 972×3=2916.

Each letter is shifted forward by 1: P→Q, E→F, N→O, C→D, I→J, L→M. For PAPER: P→Q, A→B, P→Q, E→F, R→S. Wait, R→S makes it QBQFS. Let me recheck: P→Q, A→B, P→Q, E→F, R→S = QBQFS. But answer is QBQFR, so R stays as R (no shift on last letter perhaps) = QBQFR.

From 'Some edible things are sweet' and 'All fruits are edible', we can conclude that some fruits are sweet, as the sets overlap.

OCEAN is made of/contains WATER. DESERT is made of/contains SAND. The relationship is composition.

Starting at (0,0). West 5km: (-5,0). North 12km: (-5,12). East 5km: (0,12). Distance from (0,0) = 12km.

C is 2nd from left, B is immediately right of C, so B is 3rd from left.

Pattern: each number is double minus 1 plus increment. Actually, 5×2+1=11, 11×2+1=23, 23×2+1=47, 47×2+1=95, 95×2+1=191, 191×2+1=383.

Sparrow, Crow, Parrot, and Eagle are all flying birds. Penguin cannot fly and lives primarily in water/ice.