When object is between lens and focus (u < f), a convex lens produces virtual, erect, magnified image

The azimuthal quantum number (l) determines the shape of the orbital (s, p, d, f)

Resistance R = ρL/A. When length doubles, L becomes 2L and area becomes A/2 (volume constant). New R = ρ(2L)/(A/2) = 4ρL/A = 4R

Blue light has shorter wavelength and is scattered more by atmospheric molecules (Rayleigh scattering)

Lorentz force F = q(v × B). When v is parallel to B, the cross product is zero, so no force acts

Temperature is a scalar quantity as it has only magnitude. Displacement, velocity, and acceleration are vector quantities as they have both magnitude and direction.

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation states F = G(m₁m₂)/r². This is the fundamental law describing gravitational attraction between masses.

1 amu = 1.66054 × 10⁻²⁷ kg. This is used to express atomic and molecular masses.

Using v = u + gt, where u = 0 (at rest), t = 2s, g = 10 m/s². Therefore v = 0 + 10 × 2 = 20 m/s.

Photosynthesis is the process where plants use sunlight, water, and CO₂ to produce glucose and oxygen. The equation is 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.