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Power P = 1/f (in meters). P = 1/0.15 = 6.67 Diopters (positive for converging lens)

The saturation point is the CO2 concentration beyond which photosynthesis rate does not increase further, limited by other factors like temperature or light.

Nitrosomonas is a chemosynthetic bacterium that oxidizes ammonia to nitrite, obtaining energy without requiring light (unlike photosynthetic organisms).

Ethylene is the major hormone controlling senescence (aging) in plants, promoting leaf yellowing, fruit ripening, and abscission.

Osmosis is passive transport of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane in response to water potential differences.

Abscisic acid (ABA) promotes seed dormancy and inhibits germination, acting antagonistically to gibberellins which promote germination.

Exudation or guttation occurs when root pressure forces water out through specialized pores (hydathodes) as liquid water droplets, typically observed in early morning.

When O2 concentration is high, RuBisCO catalyzes oxygenase activity, causing O2 to react with RuBP instead of CO2, initiating photorespiration.

G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) is the final product of the reduction phase where 3-PG is reduced using ATP and NADPH from light reactions.

Non-cyclic photophosphorylation involves PSII and PSI, producing ATP, NADPH, and O₂ from water photolysis.