Supervised learning trains on labeled data (features + targets); unsupervised finds patterns in unlabeled data without predefined outputs.
SQL injection exploits vulnerable input handling to execute unintended SQL commands, potentially exposing or modifying data.
Normalization scales features (e.g., 0-1 range) preventing features with larger scales from dominating model training.
Dijkstra's algorithm efficiently finds shortest paths from a source node to all other nodes in weighted graphs with non-negative weights.
TRUNCATE is DDL (immediate, cannot be rolled back in most databases), DELETE is DML (slower, can be rolled back).
PaaS (Platform as a Service) provides a platform to develop and deploy applications without managing underlying infrastructure.
Quicksort's worst-case complexity is O(n²) when pivot selection is poor, though average case is O(n log n).
3NF (Third Normal Form) ensures all non-key attributes depend only on the primary key, eliminating transitive dependencies.
GROUP BY groups rows with identical values in specified columns, used with aggregate functions like COUNT(), SUM().
Elasticity allows automatic resource provisioning and de-provisioning based on real-time demand, reducing costs.