Selectable marker genes (like antibiotic resistance genes) allow researchers to identify and select only those cells that have successfully incorporated the recombinant plasmid.
Bt Cotton is the most extensively cultivated GM crop in India since its introduction in 2002, covering millions of hectares across multiple states.
CRISPR-Cas9 is faster, cheaper, and more precise than traditional gene editing methods like zinc finger nucleases or TALENs.
Southern blotting uses labeled probes to identify specific DNA sequences in clones, allowing isolation of desired clones from genomic libraries.
Golden Rice is genetically modified to produce beta-carotene (provitamin A), addressing vitamin A deficiency in developing countries.
DNA ligase catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides, joining DNA fragments together during cloning.
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a molecular technique for amplifying specific DNA sequences through repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension.
Bt cotton contains foreign genes from Bacillus thuringiensis, making it a true transgenic organism. Others are produced by conventional breeding or mutation.
Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules used as vectors to carry and transfer foreign genes into host cells during genetic engineering.
Restriction endonucleases recognize and cut DNA at specific palindromic sequences, producing sticky or blunt ends used in cloning.