Govt Exams
Escape velocity is mathematically derived as v = √(2GM/R), where G is gravitational constant, M is the planet's mass, and R is its radius.
These two properties directly determine the gravitational field strength at the planet's surface, which defines the minimum velocity needed to escape gravitational attraction.
In the carbonate ion CO₃²⁻, the central carbon atom forms three sigma bonds with oxygen atoms and is involved in resonance structures with delocalized pi electrons.
This trigonal planar geometry requires sp² hybridization, with three hybrid orbitals arranged at 120° angles and one unhybridized p orbital for pi bonding.
The balanced equation for this redox reaction in acidic medium is: 2KMnO₄ + 5H₂C₂O₄ + 3H₂SO₄ → K₂SO₄ + 2MnSO₄ + 10CO₂ + 8H₂O.
Potassium permanganate acts as an oxidizing agent (Mn⁷⁺ → Mn²⁺), while oxalic acid is oxidized (C²⁺ → C⁴⁺), giving the 2:5 molar ratio.