In network protocols, which layer does TCP/IP operate at?
Answer: C
TCP operates at Layer 4 (Transport) and IP at Layer 3 (Network) in the OSI model. Together they form the TCP/IP protocol suite.
Q.222Hard
What is the primary vulnerability addressed by SQL injection prevention techniques like parameterized queries?
Answer: B
Parameterized queries prevent SQL injection by separating query structure from data, ensuring user input cannot be interpreted as executable code.
Q.223Hard
In the context of graph databases, what is the primary advantage over relational databases for relationship-heavy queries?
Answer: B
Graph databases excel at querying relationships with O(1) traversal time, whereas relational databases require expensive JOIN operations for similar queries.
Q.224Easy
Which of the following is a non-relational database designed for handling unstructured data at scale?
Answer: A
MongoDB is a NoSQL document database that handles unstructured and semi-structured data efficiently, unlike relational databases like PostgreSQL, Oracle, and MySQL.
Q.225Easy
What does ACID stand for in database transactions?
In SQL, which JOIN returns only matching records from both tables?
Answer: A
INNER JOIN returns only rows with matching values in both tables. LEFT JOIN includes unmatched left table rows, FULL OUTER JOIN includes all rows, and CROSS JOIN produces Cartesian product.
Q.227Medium
Which data structure is best suited for implementing a LRU (Least Recently Used) cache?
Answer: A
LRU cache requires O(1) access and O(1) removal/insertion of least-used items. Hash Map provides O(1) lookup, and Doubly Linked List maintains order efficiently.
Q.228Easy
What is the time complexity of searching in a balanced binary search tree?
Answer: A
Balanced BSTs (AVL, Red-Black) maintain O(log n) search time by keeping height logarithmic. Unbalanced trees degrade to O(n) in worst case.
Q.229Easy
In cloud computing, what does IaaS stand for?
Answer: A
IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet (AWS EC2, Azure VMs). PaaS and SaaS are higher-level abstractions.
Q.230Medium
Which normalization form eliminates transitive dependencies?
Answer: A
3NF removes transitive dependencies where non-key attributes depend on other non-key attributes. BCNF is stricter but 3NF eliminates transitive dependencies.
Q.231Medium
What is the primary purpose of database replication in distributed systems?
Answer: A
Replication maintains copies across nodes for high availability, disaster recovery, and load distribution. It doesn't eliminate backups—they serve different purposes.
Q.232Easy
In cybersecurity, what is the primary purpose of a firewall?
Answer: A
Firewalls filter traffic based on security policies. While they provide protection, encryption is separate, antivirus is different, and authentication is handled by other systems.
Q.233Medium
Which algorithm is commonly used for sorting in most programming language standard libraries?
Answer: A
Modern languages use Introsort which starts with Quicksort (O(n log n) avg) but switches to Heapsort (O(n log n) worst) to avoid worst-case scenarios.
Q.234Hard
What does CAP theorem state in distributed systems?
Answer: A
CAP theorem (Brewer's theorem) states distributed systems must choose 2 of 3 properties: strong consistency (C), continuous availability (A), or tolerance to network partitions (P).
Q.235Medium
In machine learning basics, what is overfitting?
Answer: A
Overfitting occurs when a model memorizes training data including noise, reducing generalization. Regularization and cross-validation help prevent it.
Q.236Medium
Which of the following is a characteristic of NoSQL databases?
Answer: A
NoSQL databases prioritize flexible schemas and horizontal scaling. They may use eventual consistency (BASE model) rather than strict ACID.
Q.237Medium
What is the purpose of database sharding?
Answer: A
Sharding partitions data based on a key (e.g., user ID) across servers. This horizontal scaling improves performance and handles large datasets efficiently.
Q.238Medium
In AI/ML, what does a neural network's activation function do?
Answer: A
Activation functions (ReLU, Sigmoid, Tanh) add non-linearity, allowing neural networks to learn non-linear relationships. Without them, networks become linear classifiers.
Q.239Medium
Which of the following best describes microservices architecture?
Answer: A
Microservices decompose applications into loosely-coupled, independently deployable services. This enables scalability, flexibility, and technology diversity.
Q.240Medium
What is the purpose of connection pooling in database management?
Answer: A
Connection pooling maintains a pool of reusable connections, reducing the cost of opening/closing connections repeatedly. This significantly improves application performance.
