Which of the following best describes a distributed transaction and its challenges in microservices architecture?
Answer: B
Distributed transactions in microservices require mechanisms like Saga pattern or Two-Phase Commit to maintain consistency across services.
Q.262Hard
In cybersecurity, what is SQL injection and why is it a critical vulnerability in 2024?
Answer: A
SQL injection allows attackers to insert malicious SQL code through application inputs, remaining a critical OWASP Top 10 vulnerability despite awareness.
Q.263Hard
What is the primary advantage of using GraphQL over traditional REST APIs in modern application architecture?
Answer: B
GraphQL's query language enables clients to specify exact data requirements, eliminating over-fetching and under-fetching issues common in REST.
Q.264Medium
What is the normal form that ensures no partial dependencies exist in a relation?
Answer: C
2NF eliminates partial dependencies where non-key attributes depend on part of a composite key. 3NF further eliminates transitive dependencies.
Q.265Hard
In a B-tree of order m, what is the maximum number of keys that a non-root node can contain?
Answer: C
A B-tree of order m can have at most 2m-1 keys in any node and minimum m-1 keys in non-root nodes.
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Q.266Medium
Which of the following is a correct SQL syntax for creating an index on multiple columns?
Answer: D
Both syntaxes are valid in SQL. The first creates a composite index, while the second creates a unique composite index.
Q.267Easy
What is the main disadvantage of using a linked list compared to arrays?
Answer: A
Linked lists require extra memory for storing pointers/references in each node, making them memory-inefficient compared to arrays.
Q.268Easy
In AWS, what does the term 'Auto Scaling' primarily ensure?
Answer: B
AWS Auto Scaling automatically adjusts the number of EC2 instances based on demand metrics like CPU utilization or network traffic.
Q.269Medium
Which sorting algorithm has the best average-case time complexity for randomly distributed data?
Answer: B
Quick Sort has O(n log n) average-case complexity, making it most efficient for random data. Though worst-case is O(n²), randomized pivot selection minimizes this risk.
Q.270Medium
What does ACID compliance in databases ensure?
Answer: B
ACID is a fundamental database property: Atomicity (all-or-nothing), Consistency (valid state), Isolation (concurrent independence), Durability (permanent after commit).
Q.271Easy
What is the primary function of a hash table data structure?
Answer: B
Hash tables use hash functions to map keys to indices, providing O(1) average-case lookup, insertion, and deletion operations.
Q.272Medium
Which cloud service model provides pre-configured application environments?
Answer: B
PaaS provides a complete development and deployment environment in the cloud, including pre-configured tools and frameworks.
Q.273Easy
What is the time complexity of the binary search algorithm on a sorted array?
Answer: B
Binary search divides the search space in half with each iteration, resulting in O(log n) time complexity on sorted data.
Q.274Hard
In database normalization, what does the Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) address that 3NF might miss?
Answer: B
BCNF handles edge cases in 3NF where anomalies can occur with composite candidate keys where determinants are not candidate keys themselves.
Q.275Easy
What is the purpose of the COMMIT statement in SQL transactions?
Answer: B
COMMIT saves all changes made during the current transaction to the database permanently. Until COMMIT, changes can be rolled back using ROLLBACK.
Q.276Medium
Which of the following best describes a graph data structure with no cycles?
Answer: B
A tree is a special case of a graph with no cycles. It has n nodes and n-1 edges, forming a hierarchical structure.
Q.277Medium
In machine learning, what does overfitting mean?
Answer: B
Overfitting occurs when a model learns the training data including its noise and irregularities, performing poorly on unseen test data.
Q.278Medium
What is the primary advantage of using MongoDB (NoSQL) over traditional relational databases?
Answer: B
MongoDB's document-based model allows flexible schemas for unstructured data and supports horizontal scaling, unlike rigid relational schemas.
Q.279Medium
In operating systems, what is a deadlock?
Answer: B
Deadlock is a situation where multiple processes cannot proceed because each holds resources needed by others, creating a circular wait condition.
Q.280Medium
What is the correct order of operations for the Big O notation from least to most complex?
Answer: A
Constant O(1) is fastest, followed by logarithmic O(log n), linear O(n), quadratic O(n²), exponential O(2ⁿ), and factorial O(n!) which is slowest.
