Which of the following statements about lactation is correct?
Answer: D
Prolactin maintains and sustains milk secretion, while oxytocin causes milk ejection reflex. Frequent suckling increases prolactin levels and maintains lactation.
Q.322Medium
At what level of hCG concentration in serum is an ectopic pregnancy typically detected via ultrasound?
Answer: B
Ectopic pregnancy is typically visible on transvaginal ultrasound when serum hCG levels reach 1000-2000 mIU/mL (discriminatory zone), though this varies.
Q.323Medium
Which oral contraceptive formulation has the lowest risk of thromboembolic events?
Answer: D
Progestin-only pills (minipills) have minimal thromboembolic risk as they lack estrogen. Combined oral contraceptives carry increasing risk: second-generation < third-generation < drospirenone-containing pills.
Q.324Medium
What is the primary mechanism of action of levonorgestrel emergency contraception?
Answer: B
Levonorgestrel emergency contraception works primarily by inhibiting or delaying ovulation, especially when taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse.
Q.325Medium
Which of the following is NOT a recognized complication of untreated gonorrhea in females?
Answer: C
While gonorrhea can cause PID, tubal infertility, and Bartholin's abscess/cyst, meningitis is not a typical complication. Meningitis is more associated with meningococcal infection.
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Q.326Easy
At what age does the average Indian girl experience menarche?
Answer: B
The average age of menarche in Indian girls is 11-13 years, though it can vary based on nutritional status, genetics, and geographic location.
Q.327Medium
Which sexually transmitted infection is characterized by 'strawberry cervix' appearance?
Answer: B
Trichomonas vaginalis causes a distinctive 'strawberry cervix' appearance with petechial hemorrhages. It also causes frothy yellow-green vaginal discharge.
Q.328Medium
A 35-year-old couple seeks fertility consultation after 3 years of infertility. Which investigation should be performed first?
Answer: B
Semen analysis is the first investigation as it's non-invasive, cost-effective, and male factor infertility accounts for ~40% of cases. It helps establish baseline fertility status.
Q.329Easy
Which hormone shows a surge 24-36 hours before ovulation?
Answer: C
The LH surge 24-36 hours before ovulation triggers the final maturation of the oocyte and weakening of the follicle wall, leading to ovulation.
Q.330Easy
In the context of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART), what does ICSI stand for?
Answer: A
ICSI (Intracytoplasmic sperm injection) is used in severe male factor infertility where a single sperm is injected directly into the oocyte cytoplasm.
Q.331Medium
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the rhythm method of contraception?
Answer: A
The rhythm method requires regular menstrual cycles to predict fertile days. It has a typical-use failure rate of 24% and is unreliable with irregular cycles.
Q.332Hard
What is the 'window of implantation' in the endometrium?
Answer: B
The window of implantation occurs 6-10 days after ovulation (days 20-24 of a 28-day cycle) when the endometrium is optimally receptive for blastocyst implantation.
Q.333Medium
Which hormone is responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum during early pregnancy?
Answer: C
hCG produced by trophoblastic tissue maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy (until ~10-12 weeks), preventing menstruation and ensuring progesterone production.
Q.334Hard
A woman on long-term anticonvulsant therapy wishes to use oral contraceptives. What should be the recommended action?
Answer: B
Anticonvulsants like phenytoin induce hepatic metabolism of contraceptive hormones, reducing efficacy. Higher-dose estrogen pills or alternative methods are recommended.
Q.335Easy
Which vaccine protects against human papillomavirus-related cervical cancer?
Answer: A
HPV vaccines (bivalent Cervarix and quadrivalent/9-valent Gardasil) prevent infection with high-risk HPV types (16, 18, and others) responsible for cervical cancer.
Q.336Medium
What is the typical success rate of in vitro fertilization (IVF) in women under 35 years of age in India?
Answer: B
IVF success rates in women <35 years are approximately 25-35% per cycle in India, declining with maternal age. Success depends on ovarian reserve, sperm quality, and laboratory conditions.
Q.337Medium
Which of the following contraceptive methods has the highest Pearl Index (failure rate) in typical use?
Answer: B
Condoms have a Pearl Index of 12-15 in typical use, making them less reliable than IUDs (0.8), pills (9), or sterilization (0.1-0.15).
Q.338Medium
What is the primary mechanism of action of levonorgestrel as an emergency contraceptive?
Answer: B
Levonorgestrel primarily works by inhibiting or delaying ovulation, especially effective within 72 hours before ovulation. It does not act as an abortifacient.
Q.339Hard
A 28-year-old female reports irregular menstrual cycles with excessive bleeding. Laboratory tests show elevated FSH and normal prolactin levels. What could be the likely diagnosis?
Answer: B
Elevated FSH with irregular cycles indicates diminished ovarian reserve characteristic of POI. PCOS typically shows normal or low FSH with hyperandrogenism.
Q.340Medium
Which stage of spermatogenesis is most sensitive to radiation damage?
Answer: A
Spermatogonial stem cells are most radiosensitive. Damage here affects all subsequent stages. Recovery takes 74 days (duration of spermatogenesis).
