Which of the following best describes SQL?
SQL (Structured Query Language) is used for managing and querying relational databases
In Java, what does 'final' keyword do when applied to a variable?
'final' keyword makes a variable immutable - once assigned, it cannot be changed
What is the output of: print(10 // 3) in Python?
The '//' operator performs floor division, which returns 3 (the integer part of 310)
Which data structure uses LIFO (Last-In-First-Out)?
A Stack uses LIFO principle where the last element added is the first one to be removed
What is the purpose of an index in a database?
An index is a database structure that improves the speed of data retrieval by creating a quick lookup mechanism
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Which protocol is used for secure web communication?
HTTPS is HTTP with encryption/security using SSL/TLS protocols for secure communication
What is the main purpose of version control systems like Git?
Version control systems track code changes over time and facilitate team collaboration by managing different versions
What is polymorphism in OOP?
Polymorphism allows objects to take multiple forms - same method name can behave differently in different contexts (method overriding, overloading)
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Cloud Computing?
Cloud computing is characterized by remote resources, not physical hardware on-premises. All others are cloud characteristics
What does API stand for?
API stands for Application Programming Interface - a set of rules that allows different applications to communicate
In machine learning, what is the purpose of cross-validation?
Cross-validation divides data into multiple subsets to evaluate model performance and check if it generalizes well
What is the primary difference between ArrayList and LinkedList in Java?
ArrayList uses arrays (O(1) random access) while LinkedList uses nodes (O(n) random access but O(1) insertion/deletion at ends)
What is normalization in database design?
Normalization is the process of organizing data to reduce redundancy and dependency, improving database integrity
What is the main purpose of agile methodology in software development?
Agile methodology emphasizes iterative development, continuous feedback, and adaptability rather than fixed lengthy development cycles
What is an exception in programming?
An exception is an event that occurs during program execution that disrupts the normal flow, requiring special handling
If a string in Python is assigned as s = 'hello', what is the output of s[1:4]?
String slicing s[1:4] returns characters from index 1 to 3 (4 is exclusive): 'e', 'l', 'l' = 'ell'
What is the primary advantage of using NoSQL databases over relational databases?
NoSQL databases are designed for flexible schemas, unstructured data, and horizontal scalability across distributed systems
In the context of cybersecurity, what is a firewall?
A firewall is a security barrier that filters network traffic based on predetermined rules to protect systems from unauthorized access
What is the value of log₂(8)?
log₂(8) means 2^? = 8. Since 2³ = 8, the answer is 3
If the probability of an event A is 0.4 and event B is 0.3, what is the probability of both A and B occurring (assuming independence)?
For independent events: P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B) = 0.4 × 0.3 = 0.12
