Govt. Exams
PCOS and hypothyroidism both disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, leading to anovulation (failure to ovulate) and infertility.
CSE provides evidence-based, age-appropriate education about sexual health, contraception, consent, and safety to enable informed decision-making.
ICMR provides guidelines and regulations for ART services in India under the Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Bill, 2021.
With normal male semen analysis, female factors such as tubal obstruction, anovulation, endometriosis, or uterine abnormalities become primary considerations.
Genomic imprinting involves parent-specific gene silencing. If only the paternal mutation causes disease, it indicates the maternal allele is normally silenced (imprinted), making the paternal allele the only functional copy.
Epigenetic changes (DNA methylation, histone modifications) and differential environmental exposure can cause phenotypic differences in genetically identical individuals.
A bottleneck reduces population size dramatically, causing random loss of alleles and making genetic drift the dominant evolutionary force, reducing genetic variation.
Without crossing over, the number of different gamete types = 2^n, where n = number of heterozygous gene pairs = 2^5 = 32.
Random assortment of chromosomes during meiosis doesn't change allele frequencies; it only creates different combinations. Selection, drift, and gene flow all change frequencies.
Total individuals = 1000. p = (200+300)/2000 = 0.25, q = 0.75. Expected: BB = 62.5, Bb = 375, bb = 562.5. Observed shows excess homozygotes, indicating inbreeding or population substructure.