Govt Exams
Amides have both N-H (hydrogen bond donor) and C=O (hydrogen bond acceptor), allowing formation of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
Sodium ethoxide creates the enolate of acetoacetic ester, which then undergoes SN2 with alkyl halide for alkylation.
Tertiary carbocation (CH3)3C+ is most stable due to maximum hyperconjugation and inductive stabilization from three alkyl groups.
PCC (Pyridinium chlorochromate) selectively oxidizes primary alcohols to aldehydes without further oxidation, and doesn't affect C=C.
Clemmensen reduction uses zinc amalgam with concentrated HCl to convert C=O to CH2, unlike Wolff-Kishner which uses hydrazine.
Williamson ether synthesis uses SN2 reaction between alkoxide (R-O-) and alkyl halide (R'-X) to form R-O-R'.
NO2+ (nitronium ion) is an electrophile with positive charge, not a nucleophile. All others have lone pairs or negative charge.
Fluorine is most reactive due to the best balance of electronic effects and hyperconjugation, while iodine is least reactive.
Grignard reagent attacks CO2 to form a salt, which upon hydrolysis gives benzoic acid.
Acetone (CH3-CO-CH3) has α-hydrogen atoms and can exist in equilibrium between keto and enol forms.