While Article 37 states that DPSPs are not enforceable in courts, the Supreme Court has evolved the doctrine of harmonious construction, attempting to give effect to both.

However, generally Fundamental Rights take precedence.

In cases like Kerala Education Bill, the Court balanced both.

The Constitution itself recognizes potential conflict by making FR enforceable and DPSP non-enforceable.

Article 371 contains special provisions for states like Maharashtra (371-A), Gujarat (371-B), Nagaland (371-A), Manipur (371-B), Telangana (371-D), and others.

Goa doesn't have a specific Article 371 clause, though it has special constitutional status from other provisions.

The special articles were created to address unique historical, cultural, and administrative needs of these states.

Article 370 was effectively abrogated through the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order issued by the President in August 2019, coupled with the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019.

This was not a formal constitutional amendment but was justified as invoking Article 370(1)(d) itself to abrogate Article 370.

Article 352 (National Emergency) requires that the proclamation be laid before Parliament, and must be approved within 30 days.

If Parliament approves, it can last for 6 months and can be renewed.

However, it does have a maximum duration constraint through parliamentary renewal requirements.

The 44th Amendment Act imposed several safeguards on emergency provisions.

Statements 1 and 2 are correct.

Early Buddhism (Theravada) rejected Vedic authority and caste system, and the Sangha required renunciation.

Statement 3 is incorrect as Bodhisattva concept is central to Mahayana Buddhism, not early Buddhism.

Early Buddhism focused on the individual's path to Nirvana through the Eightfold Path.

While both Buddhism and Jainism reject Vedic authority and emphasize ahimsa, they differ fundamentally on karma.

Jainism believes karma is a material substance that attaches to the soul (Jiva), while Buddhism denies the existence of an eternal soul.

Mahavira's emphasis on karma as material binding force distinguishes Jainism from Buddhist philosophy.

Archaeological and literary evidence indicates Chola maritime trade extended to Southeast Asian regions (Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia) and possibly Egypt.

Tamil inscriptions found in Southeast Asia and Roman coins found in South India confirm this extensive network.

Trade with China occurred but was not exclusive to China.

According to Jain texts, Mahavira (599-527 BCE) renounced his family and kingdom at the age of 30 and pursued ascetic practices for 12 years before attaining Kevala Jnana (omniscience).

He was a contemporary of Buddha.

Chakravartin (wheel-turner) denoted a paramount sovereign whose suzerainty was acknowledged by other rulers through tributary relationships.

It involved ritualistic chakravala (circular) conquests where enemies submitted peacefully.

This concept is found in Sanskrit texts and ancient Indian political theory.

Rock Edict VI emphasizes Ashoka's administrative accessibility to his subjects, stating that he is always available to hear their grievances and concerns regardless of their status.

It reflects his commitment to the welfare principle (praja-sukhe) inherent in his Dhamma policy.