The Preamble mentions: Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic, Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. 'Federal' is not explicitly stated in the Preamble, though federalism is incorporated through Articles 1-7 and other constitutional provisions. 'Socialist' and 'Secular' were added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976.

Article 32 empowers the Supreme Court to issue five types of writs: Habeas Corpus (for unlawful detention), Mandamus (to perform public duty), Prohibition (to prevent illegal action), Certiorari (to quash illegal order), and Quo Warranto (to challenge authority of office).

All five are constitutionally recognized remedies under Article 32.

Article 37 of the Constitution explicitly states that DPSP are non-justiciable, meaning they cannot be enforced through courts.

However, they provide positive directions to the state for governance and policy formulation.

Unlike Fundamental Rights (Part III), DPSP cannot be challenged in courts, though courts can use them as interpretive aids.

Options A and B are correct characteristics of DPSP.

Article 80 specifies that Rajya Sabha has a maximum strength of 250 members (238 elected + 12 nominated by President).

Lok Sabha has 545 members including 2 Anglo-Indians nominated by President (not 545 including nominated members separately).

Lok Sabha members serve 5-year terms, not 6.

Rajya Sabha members are elected by state legislatures, not directly elected by universal adult suffrage.

Article 356 (Emergency Provisions) allows the President to declare President's Rule (National Emergency at state level) when satisfied that the constitutional machinery has broken down and the state cannot be governed according to the Constitution.

This typically follows dismissal of the state government.

The President acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers but the constitutional ground is the failure of constitutional governance in the state.

The 73rd Amendment (1992) made Articles 243 et seq. mandatory for panchayats.

Key features include: three-tier system (village, block, district) for states with population above 20 lakh; five-year tenure; regular elections; and reservation provisions.

Women's reservation was set at 33% (not 50%).

The amendment makes these provisions constitutionally binding on all states.

# Solution: The 42nd Amendment and Constitutional Changes

The 42nd Amendment, passed during the Emergency period, fundamentally restructured the Indian Constitution by expanding certain rights while simultaneously restricting others and making the amendment procedure more rigid.

Step 1: Understanding the 42nd Amendment (1976)

Passed during Indira Gandhi's Emergency (1975-1977), this amendment made sweeping changes to the Constitution's structure. It is often called the "Mini-Constitution" because it altered the basic framework of Indian democracy more extensively than any other amendment.

Step 2: Key Changes to Fundamental Rights and Amendment Procedure

The 42nd Amendment added new Directive Principles of State Policy (environmental protection, public property protection), restricted some Fundamental Rights, and crucially made amendments to Part III (Fundamental Rights), Part IV (Directive Principles), and the amendment procedure itself much more difficult by requiring a supermajority rather than simple parliamentary majority. This effectively reduced judicial review and expanded executive power.

Final Answer: (B) 42nd Amendment (1976) — This amendment expanded the scope by adding new constitutional directives, simultaneously restricted certain freedoms, and fundamentally altered the amendment procedure to make constitutional changes more rigid and government-controlled.

Article 131 grants the Supreme Court original jurisdiction in disputes between Union and states or between states.

Article 32 provides original jurisdiction for enforcing constitutional rights.

Article 138 extends original jurisdiction to matters of public importance involving interpretation of the Constitution.

The Supreme Court's original jurisdiction is limited and mainly covers federal disputes and constitutional matters, not general civil/criminal cases.

Articles 12-35 establish justiciable Fundamental Rights (Part III), while Articles 36-51 provide non-justiciable DPSP (Part IV).

Landmark cases like Kesavananda Bharati (1973) established that courts can use DPSP for constitutional interpretation and as guidelines for judicial review.

The distinction is crucial: Rights are enforceable, DPSP are aspirational but legally significant for governance and judicial reasoning.

The President cannot directly dismiss the Prime Minister.

Article 75(5) provides that the PM holds office during the pleasure of the President, but this is a formal provision.

Practically, the PM must command confidence of Lok Sabha majority (Article 75).

If the PM loses this confidence, they resign or face a no-confidence motion.

The President cannot arbitrarily dismiss the PM—this is a fundamental principle of parliamentary democracy.

The President acts on advice of the Council of Ministers (Article 74).