1. The Speaker is elected by members of Lok Sabha only
2. The Speaker can vote only in case of a tie
3. The Speaker cannot preside over joint sessions of Parliament
4. The Speaker's term is not fixed and can be terminated by a no-confidence motion
Which statements are correct?
Statement 1 is correct - Speaker elected by Lok Sabha members.
Statement 2 is correct - Speaker has casting vote only in case of tie.
Statement 3 is incorrect - Speaker presides over joint sessions.
Statement 4 is incorrect - Speaker can be removed by a resolution supported by majority of total membership, not just a no-confidence motion.
Under Articles 13, 226, and 32, both the Supreme Court and High Courts possess the power of judicial review to declare laws unconstitutional if they violate constitutional provisions.
This is a cornerstone of the Indian constitutional framework and the basic structure doctrine.
Article 368 distinguishes between amendments.
Changes to the language provisions (Part XVII) and other non-fundamental aspects can be amended by Parliament with simple majority.
Federal structure, President's powers, and state representation require special majority and sometimes state ratification under Article 368.
The 73rd Amendment (1992) established constitutional provisions for Panchayati Raj (rural local government) with Part IX and the Eleventh Schedule.
The 74th Amendment (1992) addressed urban local government through municipal corporations.
Article 243 onwards deals with Panchayats.
While during National Emergency the President has significant powers, they are not unlimited and subject to judicial review.
The Supreme Court has held (in Kesavananda Bharati case and later judgments) that even emergency powers are subject to constitutional limitations and the basic structure cannot be destroyed.
A Delimitation Commission is constituted by the Government of India under Article 82 (for Lok Sabha) and Article 170 (for State Assemblies) to redraw constituency boundaries.
The most recent Delimitation Commission was constituted in 2008.
The Election Commission implements these delimitations.
The 97th Amendment (2011) inserted Article 19(1)(c) granting citizens the right to form and conduct cooperative societies.
This elevated the status of cooperative societies by making the right to form them a Fundamental Right.
Part IXB was added to provide for cooperative societies as constitutional bodies with representation provisions.
The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 (also known as the Mini-Constitution) added three words to the Preamble: 'Socialist' (between 'Sovereign' and 'Democratic'), 'Secular' (between 'Sovereign' and 'Democratic'), and 'Integrity' (at the end).
This amendment was passed during the Emergency period under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
Article 356 provides for President's Rule in a State when constitutional machinery breaks down.
While the President can assume powers and dissolve the assembly, the Chief Minister is not automatically required to resign—though the government typically loses confidence.
The proclamation must be approved by both Houses of Parliament within 2 months (Art. 356(4)).
Option B is incorrect as it states a mandatory requirement that doesn't exist in the Constitution.
The Right to a Pollution-free Environment and the Right to Live in a Healthy Environment have been read into Article 21 through landmark judgments (Subhash Kumar v.
State of Bihar, 1991; M.C.
Mehta v.
Union of India, 1992).
While Right to Information was later codified (RTI Act, 2005) and Right to Education became Article 21A (86th Amendment, 2002), the environmental right exists only through judicial interpretation of Article 21.