Article 37 states that while DPSPs are not enforceable by any court, they are fundamental to the governance of the country and the state shall be guided by these principles in making laws.
Articles 36-51 comprise the entire DPSP chapter. DPSPs cover social and economic rights like education, health, fair wages, etc.
The 73rd Amendment (1992) did NOT change the term of Gram Panchayats.
The term was already 5 years and remains 5 years.
However, it did make 3-tier structure mandatory, reserved 1/3rd seats for women, added Part IXA (Articles 243-243O), and created constitutional status for Panchayats.
The 74th Amendment similarly applies to Urban Local Bodies.
The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976, passed during the Emergency period, added three words to the Preamble: 'Socialist', 'Secular', and 'Integrity'.
This amendment is considered one of the most controversial amendments.
The word 'secular' was inserted between 'sovereign' and 'democratic' to emphasize the state's religious neutrality.
Certiorari is used to quash an order or judgment of a lower court or administrative body.
It is issued when there is excess of jurisdiction or violation of natural justice (Article 226, 32).
Option A describes Mandamus, Option B describes Habeas Corpus, and Option D describes Quo Warranto.
Each writ has specific applicability and scope.
Article 85(2)(b) empowers the President to dissolve the Lok Sabha.
The President exercises this power on the advice of the Prime Minister.
Article 84 deals with qualifications for the President, Article 75 with the PM and Council of Ministers, and Article 52 with the President's existence.
1. It provides for a three-tier Panchayati Raj system in states with population above 20 lakhs
2. It made Panchayat elections mandatory every five years
3. It reserves seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
All three statements are correct.
The 73rd Amendment Act (1992) introduced the Constitutional framework for Panchayati Raj.
It provides for a three-tier system in states with population above 20 lakhs (Article 243C).
It mandates regular elections every five years (Article 243E) and reserves seats for SCs and STs proportionate to their population (Article 243D).
Article 356 deals with the proclamation of President's Rule when the President is satisfied that the machinery of government in a state cannot be carried on in accordance with the Constitution.
Under this article, the President can recommend the dissolution of the State Legislative Assembly.
Article 357 deals with the effects of proclamation, Article 358 with suspension of fundamental rights during National Emergency, and Article 359 with suspension of the enforcement of rights.
Article 312 empowers Parliament to create new All-India Services by a two-thirds majority resolution in the Rajya Sabha during a National Emergency or with the consent of states in normal circumstances.
This allows flexibility in creating services like IAS, IPS without constitutional amendment.
Article 245 deals with territorial extent of laws, Article 309 with service conditions, and Article 320 with the Union Public Service Commission.
Article 32 provides for writs of Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Certiorari, Prohibition, and Quo Warranto.
Specific Performance is an equitable remedy available under civil law but not as a constitutional writ remedy under Article 32.
1. The Speaker is elected by members of Lok Sabha only
2. The Speaker can vote only in case of a tie
3. The Speaker cannot preside over joint sessions of Parliament
4. The Speaker's term is not fixed and can be terminated by a no-confidence motion
Which statements are correct?
Statement 1 is correct - Speaker elected by Lok Sabha members.
Statement 2 is correct - Speaker has casting vote only in case of tie.
Statement 3 is incorrect - Speaker presides over joint sessions.
Statement 4 is incorrect - Speaker can be removed by a resolution supported by majority of total membership, not just a no-confidence motion.