Article 32 empowers the Supreme Court to issue writs including Habeas Corpus, which is specifically used to secure the release of a person illegally detained or imprisoned.

This is a Fundamental Right available to any citizen.

Habeas Corpus means 'you shall have the body' and ensures personal liberty.

Article 61 deals with the impeachment of the President.

The President can be removed on grounds of violation of the Constitution.

The process requires a written charge signed by at least 1/4th of Members of either House, and removal requires a 2/3rd majority in both Houses.

Article 56 covers resignation of the President.

Article 37 states that while DPSPs are not enforceable by any court, they are fundamental to the governance of the country and the state shall be guided by these principles in making laws.

Articles 36-51 comprise the entire DPSP chapter. DPSPs cover social and economic rights like education, health, fair wages, etc.

The 73rd Amendment (1992) did NOT change the term of Gram Panchayats.

The term was already 5 years and remains 5 years.

However, it did make 3-tier structure mandatory, reserved 1/3rd seats for women, added Part IXA (Articles 243-243O), and created constitutional status for Panchayats.

The 74th Amendment similarly applies to Urban Local Bodies.

Article 358 and 359 deal with suspension of Fundamental Rights during emergency.

Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty) cannot be suspended even during National Emergency.

Article 32 (Right to Constitutional Remedies) can be suspended.

Articles 14-16 (equality rights) generally cannot be suspended.

The President has power to suspend rights but Article 21 is protected.

The Indian Constitution follows the Westminster model.

The President is the nominal/constitutional head of state (Articles 52-78), while the Prime Minister is the real executive head who holds actual administrative powers (Articles 74-78).

The President acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by PM.

India is a Parliamentary democracy, not a Presidential one.

During National Emergency declared under Article 352, Articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended (Article 358).

Article 20 protects against ex post facto laws and double jeopardy.

Article 21 protects life and personal liberty.

Article 19 (freedoms) can be suspended during emergency.

Article 14 (equality) is generally protected but Article 358 specifically carves out Articles 20-21.

The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976, passed during the Emergency period, added three words to the Preamble: 'Socialist', 'Secular', and 'Integrity'.

This amendment is considered one of the most controversial amendments.

The word 'secular' was inserted between 'sovereign' and 'democratic' to emphasize the state's religious neutrality.

Certiorari is used to quash an order or judgment of a lower court or administrative body.

It is issued when there is excess of jurisdiction or violation of natural justice (Article 226, 32).

Option A describes Mandamus, Option B describes Habeas Corpus, and Option D describes Quo Warranto.

Each writ has specific applicability and scope.

Article 15(3) allows the State to make special provisions for women and children.

Additionally, certain personal law matters related to adoption and guardianship are excluded from Article 15's purview.

Option B is covered by Article 15(4) for backward classes, Option C is not permitted, and Option D is covered by Article 16(3) regarding employment.