PYQ Bank — UPSC Civil Services

The IMO 2030 sulfur cap regulations (implemented in 2020, with enhanced targets for 2030) do require reduction in sulfur content and aim to reduce air pollution-related health impacts.

However, statement 3 is incorrect as the regulations provided transition periods and exemptions for certain ships, particularly those with scrubber technology.

The regulations represent a significant environmental initiative to combat marine pollution and its health consequences.

The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework established ambitious targets including the protection of at least 30% of land and ocean areas by 2030 and the reduction of subsidies harmful to biodiversity.

Statement 3 is incorrect because benefit-sharing from genetic resources is meant to be equitable and benefit all nations, particularly developing countries rich in biodiversity, under the principles of the Nagoya Protocol.

Statements 1 and 2 correctly reflect key commitments of this landmark biodiversity agreement.

COP28 achieved historic milestones including the establishment of a 'Loss and Damage Fund' to support vulnerable nations facing climate impacts, and made language about 'transitioning away' from fossil fuels in energy systems, marking a significant shift in global climate negotiations.

However, statement 3 is incorrect as the conference did not commit to phasing out coal by 2030; the language was more cautious, focusing on transitioning away from fossil fuels without specifying a fixed timeline for coal phase-out.

Statements 1 and 2 represent genuine breakthroughs at COP28.