PYQ Bank — UPSC Civil Services

The Golaknath case established that Parliament's amending power under Article 368, though broad, is not absolute and cannot be used to abridge or take away Fundamental Rights guaranteed under Part III of the Constitution.

This judgment held that constitutional amendments were 'laws' subject to Article 13, making any amendment curtailing Fundamental Rights void.

However, this decision was later overturned by the 24th Amendment Act (1971), which clarified that amendments are not 'laws' under Article 13.

The question asks about the principle established by Golaknath itself, not subsequent developments.

Chakravartin literally means 'one who turns the wheel' and represented the ideal of a universal ruler in Indian political theory, whose sovereignty was justified by adherence to Chakravartin-defined duties and dharma rather than force alone.

This concept influenced political aspirations and legitimacy frameworks throughout Indian history, from the Mauryas to later kingdoms.

The term embodied a philosophical rather than purely military conception of imperial authority.

The Sutlej River originates in the Kailash Range in Tibet and enters India through Himachal Pradesh, where it flows through the Kinnaur and Sirmour districts.

It then flows through Punjab, where it passes through various districts before joining the Indus River near the Indo-Pakistani border.

The river does not flow through Haryana or Rajasthan in any significant manner.

While the Sutlej forms part of the boundary between Haryana and Punjab in some sections, it does not flow through Haryana itself.

Understanding the exact course of tributary rivers is crucial for geography questions.

The Ganga-Yamuna Doab is the most historically significant and agriculturally productive inter-fluvial region in the Indo-Gangetic Plain.

This region, also known as the 'Gangetic Doab,' encompasses parts of Uttar Pradesh and has been a cradle of Indian civilization with highly fertile alluvial soil and abundant water resources.

The region between the Sutlej and Beas is smaller and located in Punjab; the Brahmaputra-Meghna region is in Northeast India; and the Ravi-Chenab Doab is also in Punjab but less historically prominent than the Ganga-Yamuna Doab.

This question tests both geographical knowledge and historical significance.

This demonstrates Rayleigh scattering, where shorter wavelengths (blue light) scatter more readily than longer wavelengths.

During the day, blue light is scattered throughout the sky, making it appear blue.

At sunset, light travels through a greater thickness of atmosphere to reach our eyes, causing blue light to scatter away, leaving only the longer wavelengths (red and orange) visible.

Options A, C, and D misunderstand the physical mechanisms involved in light scattering and atmospheric optics.

Statement 1 is incorrect because India's Ramsar sites are distributed across diverse ecosystems including inland wetlands, coastal areas, and high-altitude wetlands, not just coastal regions.

Statement 2 is correct as the Ramsar Convention mandates that contracting parties formulate and implement their national wetland policies and strategies.

Statement 3 is correct as both Chilika Lake (Odisha) and Loktak Lake (Manipur) are designated Ramsar sites of international importance.

Therefore, only statements 2 and 3 are correct.

India's G20 presidency in 2023 focused on prioritizing the concerns of the Global South and developing nations, emphasizing inclusive development, climate action, and reducing inequality.

The motto 'Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam' (the world is one family) reflected this inclusive approach.

While other options touch on international issues, they do not represent the central theme of India's G20 agenda, which was to ensure that developing nations' voices were heard in global economic discussions.