A Delimitation Commission is constituted by the Government of India under Article 82 (for Lok Sabha) and Article 170 (for State Assemblies) to redraw constituency boundaries.

The most recent Delimitation Commission was constituted in 2008.

The Election Commission implements these delimitations.

Article 356 provides for President's Rule in a State when constitutional machinery breaks down.

While the President can assume powers and dissolve the assembly, the Chief Minister is not automatically required to resign—though the government typically loses confidence.

The proclamation must be approved by both Houses of Parliament within 2 months (Art. 356(4)).

Option B is incorrect as it states a mandatory requirement that doesn't exist in the Constitution.

The Right to a Pollution-free Environment and the Right to Live in a Healthy Environment have been read into Article 21 through landmark judgments (Subhash Kumar v.

State of Bihar, 1991; M.C.

Mehta v.

Union of India, 1992).

While Right to Information was later codified (RTI Act, 2005) and Right to Education became Article 21A (86th Amendment, 2002), the environmental right exists only through judicial interpretation of Article 21.

The Preamble mentions: Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic, Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. 'Federal' is not explicitly stated in the Preamble, though federalism is incorporated through Articles 1-7 and other constitutional provisions. 'Socialist' and 'Secular' were added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976.

Article 80 specifies that Rajya Sabha has a maximum strength of 250 members (238 elected + 12 nominated by President).

Lok Sabha has 545 members including 2 Anglo-Indians nominated by President (not 545 including nominated members separately).

Lok Sabha members serve 5-year terms, not 6.

Rajya Sabha members are elected by state legislatures, not directly elected by universal adult suffrage.

Article 356 (Emergency Provisions) allows the President to declare President's Rule (National Emergency at state level) when satisfied that the constitutional machinery has broken down and the state cannot be governed according to the Constitution.

This typically follows dismissal of the state government.

The President acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers but the constitutional ground is the failure of constitutional governance in the state.

The 73rd Amendment (1992) made Articles 243 et seq. mandatory for panchayats.

Key features include: three-tier system (village, block, district) for states with population above 20 lakh; five-year tenure; regular elections; and reservation provisions.

Women's reservation was set at 33% (not 50%).

The amendment makes these provisions constitutionally binding on all states.

Articles 12-35 establish justiciable Fundamental Rights (Part III), while Articles 36-51 provide non-justiciable DPSP (Part IV).

Landmark cases like Kesavananda Bharati (1973) established that courts can use DPSP for constitutional interpretation and as guidelines for judicial review.

The distinction is crucial: Rights are enforceable, DPSP are aspirational but legally significant for governance and judicial reasoning.

Article 19 (Right to Freedom) can be suspended during a National Emergency under Article 359.

However, Articles 20 (protection against conviction for offences) and 21 (right to life and personal liberty) cannot be suspended even during emergency.

This ensures protection against arbitrary arrest and punishment.

Articles 36-51 contain DPSP which are non-justiciable (cannot be enforced in courts).

However, they are fundamental in governance and obligate the state to apply them while making laws and policies.

The Minerva Mills case (1980) established that DPSP cannot override Fundamental Rights, but both must be harmoniously interpreted.