The Lokpal investigates and recommends action but does not conduct trials. Criminal prosecutions are undertaken by designated CBI officials, not the Lokpal itself.

Ultra vires means 'beyond the powers.' It refers to administrative actions that exceed the scope of authority granted by law or constitution and can be challenged in courts.

The State Election Commission conducts elections to local bodies. Parliamentary elections are conducted by the Election Commission of India.

In Epuru Sudhakar's case, the Supreme Court held that while the President's clemency power is discretionary, it can be reviewed on grounds of mala fides or gross abuse of power.

The CVC is the apex anti-corruption agency in India and reports directly to the Prime Minister, though it works independently in its investigations.

Articles 123 and 213 respectively authorize ordinances when legislatures are not in session. Both President and Governor have similar ordinance-making powers within their respective domains.

Indian Constitution adopts a system of separation of powers with checks and balances. There is no complete separation but rather a distribution of powers with overlapping functions to maintain constitutional balance.

The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments established Panchayati Raj institutions and Municipal Corporations with powers over local environmental matters, enabling grassroots participation.

Colourable legislation refers to laws that disguise their true purpose to evade constitutional limitations. Such laws can be struck down as they violate the spirit of the Constitution.

Article 85 empowers the President to dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of the Council of Ministers. This typically happens before the end of the five-year term.